Despite its price and size, Raspberry PI is a computer. For this reason, the most important part resides in its operating system. People looking for a fast, lightweight and headless basis usually prefer Raspberry PI OS Lite for their board because it is performing, fully compatible and supported by Raspberry PI Foundation.
In this tutorial I will show you how to install Raspberry PI OS Lite edition, the official Raspberry PI Foundation free Operating System without a graphical user interface.
Using Raspberry PI for a number of home applications is something fantastic. But Raspberry comes with low performance hardware, so many times you could need to use as many resources as possible dedicated to your applications, instead of wasting them on apps that you don’t need (for example desktop environment). For this reason, Raspberry PI Foundation released 3 different OS versions (you can also compare them in Raspberry PI OS Desktop vs Lite article), all based on the same Linux distribution (Debian).
Usually, Raspberry PI kits come with NOOBS pre-installed inside an SD card, but you can also choose to install directly a minimal core and use it from your external PC by SSH with only command line.
This guide uses the 32-bit lite edition of Raspberry PI OS. A 64-bit version is available at https://downloads.raspberrypi.org/raspios_arm64/images/, but this is still a beta version and works only on 64-bit Raspberry PI boards (Pi3 and PI4). Also for the 64-bit version, the installation procedure will be the same. If I have to be honest, I often prefer Ubuntu on Raspberry PI instead of 64-bit Raspberry PI OS Lite because, in my opinion, Ubuntu manages better the multithreading processes and commands are very similar as both use Debian.
If you are interested in the previous version (Raspbian Buster Lite), please refer to install Raspbian Buster Lite.
If you are interested in Raspberry PI OS Desktop, please refer to install Raspberry PI OS Desktop guide, which will guide you to install a complete desktop computer.
Finally, please note that this tutorial is for Raspberry PI computer boards: the new Raspberry PI Pico is a microcontroller and is something different. For this board, you can refer to the First steps with Raspberry PI Pico for Beginners.
What do you need
As usual, I suggest adding from now to your favorite e-commerce shopping cart all needed hardware, so that at the end you will be able to evaluate overall costs and decide if continue with the project or remove them from the shopping cart. So, hardware will be only:
- a Raspberry PI computer board (no Raspberry PI Pico) including proper power supply or using a smartphone micro usb charger with at least 3A) or newer Raspberry PI Board
- high speed micro SD card (at least 16 GB, at least class 10)
I strongly suggest evaluating to buy a case with cooling system (fans) if you are thinking to use your Raspberry PI for resources intensive applications (for example cryptocurrency mining).
You also need a PC (notebook or desktop) with an SD card reader
Check hardware prices with the following links:
SOFTWARE
- Raspberry PI OS Lite edition system image from Raspberry PI Foundation website (you can download it from Raspberry PI OS official download page)
- an image flashing software like, for example, Etcher
Step-by-step guide
Install Raspberry PI OS Lite
Download and install Etcher in your PC (if not already available).
Download Raspberry PI OS Lite disk image (ZIP version) in a local folder and extract the .img file.
Insert your SD card in your PC/SD card reader.
Run Etcher in you PC.
Click Select Image and select Raspberry PI OS disk image previously downloaded. Etcher should also have already recognised your SD card. Otherwise, click change and select correct SD card.
Click on “Flash! button and wait for operation to be completed.
Pre-Configure WiFi and SSH Server
In my case, I don’t want to use an HDMI connection to my TV in order to finalize system setup (my Raspberry will be connected only via Wi-Fi). So, before using it and after having flashed its SD, let’s configure Wi-Fi and SSH connection directly modifying files inside SD card.
Extract SD card and re-insert it in your PC. From your file explorer, in “This Computer” we can see 1 SD partition:
We will create a connection configuration file under boot partition.
Open your notepad and paste following lines:
ctrl_interface=DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=netdev
update_config=1
country=«your_ISO-3166-1_two-letter_country_code»
network={
ssid="«your_SSID»"
psk="«your_PSK»"
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
}
Replace «your_ISO-3166-1_two-letter_country_code» with your ISO Country Code (such as US for United States), «your_SSID» with your wireless access point name and «your_PSK» with your wi-fi password.
Save this file under boot partition, naming it as “wpa_supplicant.conf”.
In addition, we will create a new file named “ssh” (without extension) under boot partition also to enable SSH in our raspberry. It is not important what is contained in this file: when Pi boots, it looks for the “ssh” file and if it is found, SSH is enabled and then the file is deleted.
So, let’s open a new Notepad window:
Go to : File -> Save as
Select boot partition from SD card in left column.
Insert in “File name” field value “ssh” and click “Save”. Be aware that notepad sometimes saves files adding “.txt” extension. So, control saved file and be sure that its extension is NOT included.
Extract SD card from your SD reader and insert it in your raspberry.
Final Operations
Power the Raspberry PI on, wait a few minutes for first boot, check its IP address in your router and connect to it from Putty (or whatever connection program you are using for ssh) using default ssh port (22).
Default user: pi
Default password: raspberry
Make the Operating System up-to-date. From command line:
sudo apt update sudo apt upgrade
Next Steps: Advanced Configurations
After finished Operating System installation, you may need following setup:
- Assign static IP address and configure Networking
- Change timezone to display correct local time
- Fix slow SSH session from remote terminal
- Add 2 factor authentication
- Read a Serial port from USB
- Use USB Microphone
- Migrate to larger SD Card
- free Raspberry PI remote access and management tools
- Set Raspberry PI Swap Memory
- Manage Raspberry PI GPU Memory Split
Enjoy your Raspberry PI OS Lite edition!
