Ultrasonic Sensor is great for all kind of projects that need distance measurements, avoiding obstacles as examples. The HC-SR04 is inexpensive and easy to use and can be easily connected with a Raspberry PI
Ultrasonic sensor module HC-SR04 provides 2cm-400cm non-contact measurement function, the ranging accuracy can reach to 3mm. The basic principle of work:
- IO trigger high level signal (for at least 10us) starts the process
- The module automatically sends eight micro signals at 40 kHz and starts to ear to detect whether there is a feedback signal back.
- If there is a signal back, the time of high input IO duration is the time taker for ultrasonic to hit object and turn back.
So, distance = (high level ingress duration × speed of sound (34300cm/s) / 2.
The final bivision by is because we have a feedback for roundtrip, distance is the half.
The Timing diagram is shown below:
Voltage levels must be kept in consideration. HC-SR04 module works with 5V current (except from trigger, which can be lower) and outputs a 5V signal on echo. Echo goes back to Raspberry PI for duration measurement on GPIOs. Raspberry PI GPIO reading should be at 3,3V to avoid circuit failure, so we need to implement a simple voltage reduction circuit with resistors. A good solution can be found from learningaboutelectronics.com: How to Reduce Voltage with Resistors. Our voltage circuit will follow this phisical diagram:
Calculations are according to following formulas:
So, once defined:
- Vgpio = 3,3 Volt,
- Vecho = 5 Volt
We choose R1 and derive R2 from following:
In my kits, I have 100 Ohm resistors, so I use it for R1. From last equation I need to supply a 194,12 Ohm from R2, but I have only 100 Ohm and 220 Ohm resistors. Instead of using a 220 Ohm resistor with 10% of error margin, I use for R2 two 100 Ohm resistors in series, so that resulting value is returned by their sum (200 Ohm). Final voltage reduction circuit is:
Now we can start our project.
In this article we’ll control our HC-SR04 ultrasonic distance sensor from a Raspberry PI Zero W. This article applies also to newer Raspberry PI boards.
What We Need
As usual, I suggest adding from now to your favourite e-commerce shopping cart all needed hardware, so that at the end you will be able to evaluate overall costs and decide if continuing with the project or removing them from the shopping cart. So, hardware will be only:
- Raspberry PI Zero W (including proper power supply or using a smartphone micro usb charger with at least 3A) or newer Raspberry PI Board
- high speed micro SD card (at least 16 GB, at least class 10)
- a HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
- Breadboard (suggested but not necessary)
- Dupont wirings
- 3x resistors (100 Ohm used)
Many of listed hardware (except from Raspberry PI Zero W and micro SD Card) can be bought alone or can be also found in the useful Elegoo starter kit.
Check hardware prices with following links:
Step-by-Step Procedure
Wiring Diagram
Prepare cabling according to following wiring diagram:
Please find below the overall picture:
OS Preparation
Start with OS installation using install Raspberry PI OS Lite guide. This procedure also works with Raspberry PI OS Desktop, using its internal terminal.
Make your OS up-to-date:
sudo apt update sudo apt upgrade
Python Scripting
Install GPIO
sudo apt install rpi.gpio
Get from my download area ultrasonic-hcsr04.py script:
wget https://peppe8o.com/download/python/ultrasonic-hcsr04.py
In this script version I also added a code portion managin occasional HC-SR04 freezes occurring during measurament.
Script Usage
This script can be used by simply calling from terminal:
python3 ultrasonic-hcsr04.py
It will start measuring objects distance showing it in cm.
To stop the program, just press CTRL+C
Script explaination
First of all, required libraries are imported:
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import timeThen we configure GPIO pins we are going to use. We’ll use BCM GPIO naming. Please refer to Raspberry PI Pinout for more info.
No need to set Vcc and Ground, so only trigger pin (output) and echo pin (input) will be used:
echoPIN = 15
triggerPIN = 14
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setup(echoPIN,GPIO.IN)
GPIO.setup(triggerPIN,GPIO.OUT)“Distance()” function makes all the work. It starts setting defaults to 0 for distance and duration variables. Also counter and new_reading variables are set, to manage freezes:
def distance ():
new_reading = False
counter = 0
distance = 0
duration = 0Now, it triggers from triggerPIN to send ultrasonic signal:
GPIO.output(triggerPIN, 0) time.sleep(0.000002) GPIO.output(triggerPIN, 1) # here the trigger is put on time.sleep(0.000010) # 10us of trigger duration GPIO.output(triggerPIN, 0) # now trigger is put off time.sleep(0.000002) # this time delay to avoid interference between trigger and echo
As described in timing diagram, we must measure feedback duration to calculate distance. So we set a “startT” time variable when echo goes to high and a “feedbackT” time variable when echo goes back to low. While cycles with “pass” does nothing but waiting that conditions change. If statements are to manage and avoid freezes:
while GPIO.input(echoPIN) == 0:
pass
counter += 1
if counter == 5000:
new_reading = True
break
if new_reading:
return False
startT = time.time()
while GPIO.input(echoPIN) == 1: pass
feedbackT = time.time()Distance is calculated based on feedback duration as already explained. A small “if” check is done to avoid possible strange conditions. This can be used in future for addictional checks on failures.
if feedbackT == startT:
distance = "N/A"
else:
duration = feedbackT - startT
soundSpeed = 34300 # cm/s
distance = duration * soundSpeed / 2
distance = round(distance, 1)Finally, “distance()” function returns distance above calculated as result:
return distanceGoing to main loop, the simple print command is enriched to write results always on same terminal line:
try:
print (" Distance: " + str(distance())+ " ", end='\r')User can terminate this script by pressing CTRL+C. This prints a courtesy message of “interrupted!” and cleans GPIO status:
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print('interrupted!')
GPIO.cleanup()Enjoy!
